Open surgery was once the default pathway for a wide range of serious medical conditions. Large incisions, general anaesthesia, extended hospital stays, and lengthy recovery periods were simply accepted as the cost of treating significant disease. Today, that landscape has changed substantially. Minimally invasive techniques, guided by sophisticated imaging and delivered through small catheters or needle-sized instruments, are managing conditions that previously demanded complex surgical operations. This shift is improving patient comfort, reducing risk, and shortening recovery times across an impressive range of medical specialties. The Principles Behind Minimally Invasive Medicine Minimally invasive procedures work by replacing large surgical exposures…
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